| Solar panel | Solar panel act as devices that convert sunlight into using PV cells. They are an green and alternative energy source, decreasing reliance on carbon-based fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel |
| Solar thermal collector | A solar collector is a apparatus that absorbs sunlight to generate heat, generally used for hot water production or room heating applications. It successfully converts solar energy into thermal energy, cutting down on reliance on conventional energy sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector |
| Solar thermal energy | Solar thermal energy harnesses solar radiation to generate warmth, which can be used for water heating systems, indoor heating, or electricity production. It is a green and renewable technology that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy |
| Worthing | Worthing is a picturesque seaside town in West Sussex, England, known for its historic pier and vibrant promenade. It offers a delightful blend of sandy beaches, cultural attractions, and outdoor activities perfect for visitors and residents alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing |
| England | England is a historic and historic-influenced nation in the United Kingdom known for its wealthy cultural heritage, iconic landmarks, and vibrant urban areas like the capital. It boasts a mixed terrain of gentle slopes, historic forts, and busy metropolitan areas that mix tradition with modern innovation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England |
| Sunlight | Sunlight is the natural illumination emitted by the sun, crucial for living organisms on Earth as it provides power for photosynthesis and influences climate and weather patterns. It also plays a role to our well-being by regulating our circadian rhythms and boosting vitamin D production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight |
| Electricity | Electricity is a kind of energy resulting from the motion of charged particles, primarily electrons. It powers numerous devices and infrastructures, facilitating today’s lifestyle and technological progress. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
| Photovoltaic | Photovoltaic technology converts solar radiation directly into power using photovoltaic panels composed of semiconductor materials. It is a renewable power source that reduces reliance on non-renewable fuels and helps mitigate environmental impact. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic |
| Electrons | Electrons are subatomic particles with a negative electric charge that surround the nucleus of an atom, playing a key role in chemical reactions and electricity. Their behavior and interactions influence the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons |
| Direct current | DC is the one-way flow of electric charge, generally produced by batteries, power supplies, and photovoltaic cells. It provides a constant voltage or current, making it necessary for electronic devices and low voltage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current |
| Battery (electricity) | A power source is a unit that accumulates chemical energy and converts it into current to run various digital equipment. It consists of multiple galvanic cells, each comprising positive and negative electrodes separated by an electrolytic substance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) |
| Photovoltaic system | A photovoltaic system converts solar radiation directly into electricity using photovoltaic panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is an environmentally friendly energy solution that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and promotes renewable power generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system |
| Solar inverter | A solar inverter is a unit that changes DC created by solar panels into alternating current (AC) fit for domestic use and grid integration. It is vital for optimizing energy use and providing reliable, reliable energy output from solar energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter |
| Alternating current | AC is an electric current that changes polarity regularly, usually used in domestic and commercial power supplies. It enables efficient transmission of electricity over extended spans and is marked by its voltage and current waveforms, commonly sinusoidal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
| Charge controller | A charge controller is a device that controls the voltage level and current coming from a solar panel to avoid batteries from excess charging and harm. It ensures optimal energy flow and prolongs the lifespan of the battery system. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller |
| Measuring instrument | A survey tool is a instrument used to ascertain the dimension, volume, or intensity of something accurately. It includes gadgets like meters, temperature sensors, and manometers that provide accurate readings for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument |
| Solar tracker | A solar tracker is a device that instantaneously the orientation of solar panels to follow the sun's movement across the day, maximizing energy absorption. This system enhances the efficiency of solar power systems by keeping maximum sun exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker |
| Solar farms | Photovoltaic installations are large-scale installations that capture sunlight to generate electricity using numerous solar panels. They provide a sustainable and renewable energy resource, cutting down reliance on fossil fuels and reducing carbon emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_farms |
| Rooftop solar power | Rooftop solar power involves placing photovoltaic panels on building roofs to produce electricity from sunlight. This green energy source helps cut down on reliance on non-renewable fuels and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power |
| Grid-connected photovoltaic system | A grid-tied solar power system transforms sunlight into electricity and feeds excess power directly into the utility grid, providing a eco-friendly energy solution. It boosts energy efficiency and reduces reliance on fossil fuels while enabling users to take advantage of potential energy credits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_system |
| Greenhouse gas emissions | Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases such as CO2, methane, and nitrous oxide into the atmosphere, primarily from anthropogenic sources like fossil fuel combustion and tree clearing. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, leading to global warming and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions |
| Solar power satellite | A solar energy satellite is an orbiting platform equipped with photovoltaic panels that collect sunlight and convert it into electricity. This power is then beamed to our planet for use as a clean, renewable power source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite |
| Home energy storage | Home energy storage systems store excess power generated from green sources or the grid for later use, boosting energy self-sufficiency and effectiveness. These systems commonly employ batteries to offer backup power, lower energy expenses, and assist grid robustness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage |
| Timeline of solar cells | The chronology of photovoltaic cells documents the development and improvements in solar energy tech from the beginning invention of the solar effect to current high-performance photovoltaic modules. It features major milestones, including the invention of the first silicon photovoltaic cell in 1954 and persistent developments that have significantly improved energy transformation and economic viability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells |
| Edmond Becquerel | Edmond Becquerel was a Gallic scientist famous for his groundbreaking work in the study of the photovoltaic effect and luminescence. His experiments laid the basis for comprehending how light interacts with certain media to produce electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel |
| Willoughby Smith | Smith was a British electrical engineer and scientist known for finding out the photoconductivity of Se in 1873. His research laid the foundation for the development of the photoconductive cell and progress in initial photography and electronic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith |
| Selenium | The Selenium framework is an free framework used for automated testing of web browsers, enabling testers to simulate user interactions and verify web application functionalities. It supports multiple programming languages and web browsers, making it a flexible tool for test automation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium |
| William Grylls Adams | William Grylls Adams was a British physicist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of light and optics, particularly the discovery of the polarization of luminescence reflected from clear materials. His research significantly contributed to the understanding of electromagnetic waves and the development of optical science. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams |
| Charles Fritts | Charles Fritts was a an American creator who developed the first working selenium solar cell in 1883. His pioneering work set the foundation for the current photovoltaic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fritts |
| Coal-fired power plant | A coal-fired power plant generates electricity by firing coal to produce steam that drives turbines connected to generators. This process releases considerable amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant |
| Russell Ohl | Russell Ohl was an American scientist credited with discovering the solar cell and advancing the understanding of semiconductor materials. His work paved the way for modern solar energy technology and the development of silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl |
| Bell Labs | Bell Labs is a prestigious innovative entity historically associated with AT&T, known for groundbreaking innovations in communications, computer science, and materials science. It has been the source of many groundbreaking inventions, including the semiconductor device and the laser. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Silicon | Silicon is a chemical element with the symbol Si and number 14, famous for its crucial role in the fabrication of electronic components and solar modules. It is a solid, breakable crystal material with a steel-gray metallic luster, predominantly employed as a semiconductor in the tech industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon |
| Micro-inverter | A small inverter is a compact unit installed on each solar module to transform direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) at the location. This method enhances system efficiency, facilitates improved performance monitoring, and improves power output in solar energy setups. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-inverter |
| Solar cell | A solar cell is a component that transforms sunlight directly into electricity through the solar energy process. It is commonly used in solar arrays to offer a green and eco-friendly energy power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
| PV system | A PV (photovoltaic) system converts sunlight immediately into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is a sustainable energy technology that delivers renewable power for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV_system |
| Photon | A photon acts as a basic particle which represents a unit of light as well as other electromagnetic radiation, transporting energy and momentum and energy without possessing rest mass. It serves a crucial role in the relations between matter and electromagnetic fields, facilitating phenomena including reflection, refraction, and quantum communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
| Photovoltaic effect | The solar photoelectric effect is the process by which certain materials turn sunlight immediately into electricity through the generation of electron-hole pairs. This effect is the basic principle behind solar panel systems, allowing the utilization of solar solar power for energy creation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
| Wafer (electronics) | A wafer in electronics is a fine slice of semiconductor material, usually silicon, used as the base for manufacturing integrated circuits. It functions as the primary platform where integrated circuits are built through methods like doping, etching, and lamination. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics) |
| Crystalline silicon | Crystalline silicon is a highly pure form of silicon used predominantly in the manufacturing of solar panels and electronic components due to its outstanding semiconductor properties. Its regular, systematic crystal lattice enables effective electrical conductivity and energy conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon |
| Thin film solar cell | Thin-film photovoltaic devices are a type of solar power system characterized by their light, pliable configuration, and ability to be produced on large surfaces at a lower cost. They use layers of semiconductor materials a few micrometers thick to transform sunlight into usable electricity efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell |
| Dead and live loads | Dead loads refer to the constant forces exerted by the mass of structural elements and fixed equipment, while live loads are transient forces such as users, furnishings, and weather conditions. Both are important considerations in building planning to guarantee safety and stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_and_live_loads |
| Series and parallel circuits | Series circuits join components end-to-end, so the identical current flows through all devices, while parallel circuits link components across the identical voltage source, permitting various paths for current. These configurations influence the circuit's overall resistance, current distribution, and voltage drops. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
| Electric power | Electric power refers to the velocity at which electricity flows by an electrical network, primarily for running devices and appliances. It is generated through various sources such as fossil fuels, atomic energy, and renewable energy, and fundamental for contemporary living. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
| Watt | A watt is a measure of energy transfer rate in the International System of Units, showing the speed of energy movement or conversion. It is equivalent to one joule per second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt |
| Voltage | Voltage is the electric pressure difference between two points, which pushes the flow of electric current in a circuit. It is measured in V and shows the work per individual charge accessible to transport electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
| Volt | A volt is the derived unit of voltage, voltage difference, and voltage in the International System of Units. It measures the potential energy per coulomb between locations in an electrical network. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt |
| Electric current | Electrical current is the flow of electric charge through a metal wire, commonly measured in amperes. It is crucial for supplying electronic equipment and allowing the working of electrical circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
| Ampere | Amp serves as the measure of electrical current in the SI units, represented by A. It measures the flow of electric charge through a conductor over a duration. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere |
| Electrical load | Electrical load indicates the amount of electrical power or current demanded by equipment and electrical load in a circuit. It influences the layout and capacity of power systems to guarantee reliable and cost-effective energy distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load |
| Junction box | A junction box is an electrical enclosure used to protect wire connections, providing a central point for wiring in electrical systems. It ensures organized and secure connections, preventing electrical hazards and facilitating maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box |
| MC4 connector | The MC4 is a conventional photovoltaic connector used to attach solar panels in a safe and trustworthy manner. It features a click-in design with waterproof sealing, guaranteeing durability and effective electrical connection in outdoor solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4_connector |
| USB power | USB power delivers a convenient and uniform method of providing electrical energy to devices through standard ports. It is often used for powering and energizing a broad range of electronic gadgets, from smartphones to peripherals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_power |
| Power inverter | A energy inverter is a device that changes DC from supplies like batteries or solar panels into alternating current (AC) suitable for home devices. It enables the use of standard electrical devices in locations where only direct current electricity is accessible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter |
| Battery pack | An battery pack functions as a collection of numerous individual batteries designed to store and supply electrical energy for multiple devices. This provides portable power solutions for electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack |
| Solar tracking | Sun tracking devices automatically adjust the orientation of photovoltaic panels to monitor the solar trajectory throughout the day, optimizing solar energy capture. This technology increases the efficiency of solar power gathering by maintaining optimal panel orientation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracking |
| Maximum power point tracking | Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a method used to maximize the energy production of solar panel setups by constantly tuning the working point to align with the peak power point of the photovoltaic modules. This methodology ensures the best performance power harvesting, especially under changing weather. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking |
| Power optimizer | An power optimizer serves as a device used in solar energy systems to optimize energy output by individually enhancing the performance of each solar panel. It increases overall system efficiency by minimizing energy loss caused by shading, dirt, or panel mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_optimizer |
| Solar performance monitor | A solar performance monitor is a instrument that monitors and evaluates the effectiveness of solar panel systems in live, delivering useful data on energy generation and system condition. It assists maximize solar energy output by spotting problems early and securing highest performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_performance_monitor |
| Thin-film solar cell | Lightweight solar cells are lightweight, adaptable photovoltaic devices made by depositing slim layers of semiconductor materials onto substrates. They offer a economical and versatile alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with applications in multiple portable and building-integrated energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell |
| Solar cells | Photovoltaic cells convert sunlight directly into electricity through the solar energy conversion process, making them a eco-friendly energy source. They are frequently used in solar panels to power homes, electronic gadgets, and entire solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells |
| Polycrystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon, is a compound composed of numerous minute silicon crystals, typically used in photovoltaic panels and semiconductor manufacturing. Its creation involves melting and recrystallizing silicon to form a pure, polycrystalline type appropriate for electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon |
| Monocrystalline silicon | Single-crystal silicon is a ultra-pure form of silicon with a single lattice framework, making it very effective for use in solar panels and electronic components. Its homogeneous framework allows for enhanced charge movement, resulting in better performance compared to other silicon types. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon |
| Cadmium telluride photovoltaics | Cadmium telluride photovoltaics constitute a type of film solar system that presents a economical and high-performance solution for large-scale solar energy production. They are their great absorption performance and comparatively affordable manufacturing expenses versus traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell | Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) solar cells are laminate photovoltaic devices that utilize a multi-layered compound of copper, In, Ga, and Se to turn sunlight into power effectively. They are recognized for their great absorption performance, flexibility, and capability for lightweight, cost-effective solar energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell |
| Amorphous silicon | Amorphous silicon is a non-ordered molecular configuration, making it more adaptable and simpler to apply than ordered silicon. It is frequently used in photovoltaic thin films and electronic components due to its economic advantage and versatile characteristics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon |
| Third-generation photovoltaic cell | Third-generation photovoltaic panels aim to exceed traditional solar cell efficiencies by utilizing state-of-the-art materials and new techniques such as multi-layered stacks, quantum dots, and organic-inorganic hybrids. These technologies focus on optimizing energy conversion, reducing costs, and expanding applicability to various environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell |
| Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-layered solar panels are advanced photovoltaic modules that utilize several p-n connections stacked in unison to absorb a wider range of the solar spectrum, substantially boosting their efficiency. These are mostly used in space applications and high-efficiency solar power systems due to their outstanding energy conversion capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell |
| Solar panels on spacecraft | Solar panels on spacecraft serve as crucial elements that convert sunlight into electrical energy to operate onboard equipment. Generally lightweight, long-lasting, and designed to operate efficiently in the demanding space environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft |
| Compound semiconductor | Compound semiconductors are compounds composed of two or more elements, typically involving a metallic element and a non-metallic element, used in fast electronic and optoelectronic devices. They offer superior performance in applications such as lasers, light-emitting diodes, and high-frequency switching devices compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductor |
| Gallium arsenide | GaAs is a compound-based semiconductor recognized for its high electron mobility and performance in high-frequency and optoelectronic applications. It is frequently used in components such as microwave circuits, infrared LEDs, and solar cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide |
| Concentrator photovoltaics | CPV utilize lenses or reflectors to direct sunlight onto superior efficiency multi-band solar cells, substantially improving energy conversion efficiency. This technology is perfect for large-scale solar power plants in zones with clear sunlight, offering a affordable solution for large-scale energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics |
| Thin-film silicon | Flexible silicon is a type of photovoltaic material used in solar cells, characterized by its lightweight and bendable form factor. It offers a cost-effective alternative to traditional silicon wafers, with applications in BIPV and portable power sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_silicon |
| CIGS solar cell | CIGS thin-film solar cell utilize a thin film of copper indium gallium selenide as the photovoltaic material, known for excellent energy conversion and flexibility. They offer a portable, cost-effective alternative to standard silicon solar arrays with reliable operation in various environmental conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIGS_solar_cell |
| Thin-film | Thin-film describes a very thin layer of material, often measured in nanometers or micrometers, used in various technological fields. These coatings are vital in electronic systems, optical systems, and coatings for their particular physical and chemical characteristics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film |
| Rooftop solar PV | Building-mounted solar PV systems harness sunlight to generate electricity directly on building rooftops, providing a renewable and economical energy solution. They help cut down dependence on fossil fuels, reduce electricity bills, and contribute to environmental conservation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_PV |
| Thin film | A layer of material is a sheet of material spanning fractions of a nanometer to several micrometers in thickness, often coated on surfaces for functional applications. These layers are used in multiple sectors, including electronic devices, optical technologies, and healthcare, to alter surface properties or develop particular device features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film |
| Nanometers | Nanometric units are measurement the same as one-billionth of a meter, often utilized to describe minuscule distances at the atomic and molecular scale. They are essential in fields like nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry for gauging structures and particles at the nano level. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometers |
| Micrometers | Micrometers are high-precision gauges used to precisely measure minute thicknesses or widths, typically in machining and fabrication. They feature a calibrated screw system that allows for precise readings, often down to thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometers |
| Silicon wafer | A silicon slice is a narrow, ring-shaped segment of silicon crystal used as the base for constructing semiconductor devices. It serves as the basic material in the creation of integrated circuits and electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_wafer |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells | CIGS photovoltaic cells are thin-film solar modules famous for their superior output and flexibility, ideal for various uses. They use a layered semiconductor structure that turns sunlight directly into electrical energy with excellent effectiveness in low-light settings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells |
| Multi-crystalline silicon | Multi-crystalline silicon silicon is a kind of silicon used in solar panels, characterized by its multiple crystal grains that give it a grainy appearance. It is noted for being affordable and having a relatively high efficiency in turning sunlight into energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-crystalline_silicon |
| Solar PV systems | Solar PV systems convert sunlight directly into power using solar panels, providing a sustainable energy source for residential, industrial, and utility-scale applications. They offer a clean, sustainable, and affordable way to decrease reliance on non-renewable energy sources and lower greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_PV_systems |
| Perovskite solar cell | Perovskite solar cell are a type of photovoltaic technology that uses perovskite-structured compounds as the light-harvesting layer, known for their high efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. These cell have rapidly advanced in performance, making them a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell |
| Dye-sensitized solar cell | A photo-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is a solar energy device that turns sunlight into power using a light-reactive dye to absorb light and create electron flow. It offers a cost-effective and adaptable alternative to traditional silicon-based solar cells, with possibility for transparent and portable applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell |
| Quantum dot solar cell | Quantum dot photovoltaic cells utilize nanoscale semiconductor particles to enhance light capture and energy conversion through quantum size effects. This approach offers the possibility for lower-cost, bendable, and highly efficient solar energy harvesting solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell |
| Organic solar cell | Organic solar cells are photovoltaic units that use organic materials, to transform solar radiation into electricity. They are compact, pliable, and offer the potential for cost-effective, large-area solar energy applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell |
| CZTS | CZTS (Copper is a promising photovoltaic substance used in layer solar cells due to its abundant and non-toxic elements. Its excellent optical-electronic properties make it an desirable substitute for green photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZTS |
| Building integrated photovoltaics | Building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) seamlessly incorporate photovoltaic technology into the design of construction components, such as roof surfaces, facades, and glazing. This innovative approach enhances energy performance while maintaining design elegance and structural functionality. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics |
| Transparency and translucency | Transparency permits light to penetrate a material bearing minimal distortion, making objects behind clearly visible. Translucency permits light to scatter through, hiding detailed view but still allowing shapes and light to penetrate. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency |
| Window tinting | Vehicle and building window film application involves the process of applying a thin film to the inside or outside of cars or structures glazing to cut down on glare, heat, and UV rays. It boosts privacy, enhances energy efficiency, and gives a modern aesthetic to any window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tinting |
| List of photovoltaic power stations | A list of photovoltaic power stations overview various massive solar energy facilities around the globe, demonstrating their output and sites. These stations serve a crucial role in sustainable energy generation and global efforts to reduce carbon pollution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Photovoltaic power stations | Photovoltaic energy plants are extensive systems that convert sunlight straight into electricity using solar modules. They play a vital role in sustainable power creation, cutting dependence on non-renewable energy sources, and reducing carbon footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Environmental issues | Eco concerns encompass a wide range of issues such as contamination, climate change, and deforestation that threaten the health of our planet. Addressing these problems requires collective efforts to promote green approaches and protect natural ecosystems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues |
| Renewable energy | Renewable energy comes from eco-friendly origins that are constantly replenished, such as solar radiation, air currents, and water. It offers a eco-friendly alternative to traditional fuels, minimizing environmental harm and enhancing lasting energy security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy |
| Non-renewable energy | Non-renewable energy sources, such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas, are finite resources formed over extensive periods and are depleted when used. They are the chief energy sources for electrical energy and mobility but pose environmental and renewability challenges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_energy |
| Electricity generation | Electricity generation involves converting various power sources such as carbon-based fuels, atomic energy, and renewable resources into electricity. This process generally happens in power plants where turbines and generators work together to produce electric current for grid delivery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation |
| Heavy metals | Heavy metals are thick, toxic elements such as Pb, mercury, metallic cadmium, and As that pose significant health and environmental risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. They are commonly found in industrial emissions, contaminated water, and certain consumer products, requiring careful management to prevent adverse effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals |
| Solar-cell efficiency | Photovoltaic performance assesses how well a photovoltaic device converts sunlight into usable energy. Boosting this efficiency is essential for maximizing renewable energy production and decreasing reliance on non-renewable resources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency |
| Photoelectric effect | The photoelectric effect occurs when light shining on a metallic surface ejects electrons from that surface, demonstrating the particle properties of light. This occurrence provided critical proof for the development of quantum mechanics by showing that photon energy is discrete. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect |
| Accelerated life testing | Accelerated life testing involves placing products to elevated stresses to speedily determine their durability and forecast their lifespan under normal conditions. This method helps identify potential failures and improve product reliability efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing |
| Growth of photovoltaics | The growth of solar energy systems has quickened rapidly over the past ten years, driven by technological progress and decreasing costs. This development is revolutionizing the world energy sector by raising the percentage of clean solar power in electricity generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics |
| Utility-scale solar | Utility-scale solar relates to large solar power facilities built to generate electricity on a business scale, providing power directly to the grid. These sites typically cover extensive areas and utilize solar panels or solar heating systems to produce renewable energy cost-effectively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility-scale_solar |
| Lens (optics) | A optic is a see-through instrument that bending light to focus or spread out rays, forming images. It is frequently used in instruments like photographic devices, glasses, and microscopes to manipulate light for enhanced vision and imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) |
| Angle of incidence (optics) | The incidence angle is the angle between an approaching light ray and the normal line orthogonal to the surface at the contact point. It controls how light behaves with the surface, affecting reflection and refraction properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics) |
| Anti-reflective coating | Anti-reflective coating is a delicate film applied to vision surfaces to reduce glare and improve light transmission. It improves the crispness and brightness of screens by cutting down on stray reflections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating |
| Destructive interference | Destructive interference occurs when a pair of waves meet in a manner that that their amplitudes cancel each other out, causing a reduction or full disappearance of the resultant waveform. This event usually happens when these waves are phase-shifted by pi radians. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_interference |
| Alternating Current | Alternating current refers to an electric current that periodically reverses, mainly utilized in power supply systems. Its voltage varies sinusoidally over time, allowing efficient transmission over large spans. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current |
| Microinverter | A individual inverter is a small entity used to convert DC from a single solar module into AC suitable for domestic use. It enhances system performance by maximizing power output at the panel level and simplifies setup and service. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinverter |
| AC power | AC power, or AC electrical energy, is electrical energy delivered through a setup where the voltage and electric current regularly reverse orientation, enabling efficient transmission over long distances. It is frequently used in households and industries to operate multiple appliances and machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power |
| DC connector | A direct current connector is a category of electrical plug used to provide direct current (DC) power from a energy source to an electronic equipment. It typically consists of a tube-shaped plug and jack that ensure a secure and dependable link for different electronic purposes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector |
| Underwriters Laboratories | Underwriters Labs is a worldwide safety approval organization that evaluates and endorses products to guarantee they meet certain safety standards. It helps consumers and companies identify trustworthy and protected products through thorough evaluation and examination procedures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories |
| Series circuits | Series circuits are electronic circuits in which elements are connected end-to-end, forming a one path for current. In this configuration, the constant current passes through all parts, and the entire voltage is divided among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_circuits |
| Parallel circuits | Parallel electrical circuits are electronic circuits where parts are connected between the same voltage source, giving multiple channels for current flow. This setup allows devices to operate independently, with the total current split among the branches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuits |
| Diode | A diode serves as a solid-state device that permits current to pass in one way exclusively, functioning as a one-way valve for electrical current. It is commonly used for rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation in electronic circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode |
| Automobile auxiliary power outlet | An car auxiliary power outlet is a port, typically 12V, intended to provide electrical energy for different devices and add-ons inside a vehicle. It enables users to charge electronic gadgets or run small electronics during on the go. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet |
| USB | USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a protocol for linking hardware to PCs, enabling information exchange and power supply. It accommodates a variety of hardware such as input devices, pointer devices, external storage devices, and mobile phones, with multiple generations providing faster speeds and improved features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Solar cell efficiency | Solar cell efficiency relates to the portion of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell transforms into usable energy. Improving this efficiency plays a key role in optimizing energy output and making solar power economical and sustainable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency |
| National Renewable Energy Laboratory | The National Renewable Energy Laboratory is a U.S. DOE national laboratory dedicated to research and development in renewable energy and energy conservation technologies. It focuses on breakthroughs in solar, wind power, bioenergy, and other sustainable energy sources to support a sustainable energy future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The EM spectrum encompasses the entire range of EM radiation, ranging from wireless signals to gamma rays, all possessing diverse lengths and power. This range is crucial to a wide array of devices and natural phenomena, enabling communication, diagnostic imaging, and insight into the universe. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum |
| Ultraviolet | UV light is a kind of electromagnetic radiation with a wave length shorter than the visible spectrum but longer than X-rays, primarily produced by the sun. It plays a crucial role in including vitamin D production but can also lead to skin damage and skin aging caused by light. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet |
| Infrared | Infrared radiation is a category of electromagnetic wave with greater wavelengths than visible light, primarily emitted as heat by objects. It is widely used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and various sensing technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared |
| Monochromatic | Uniform color refers to a color palette based on variations of a single hue, using various shades, tints, and tones to create harmony and accord. This composition approach emphasizes minimalism and elegance by maintaining steady color elements throughout a layout. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic |
| Irradiance | Radiance refers to the intensity of electromagnetic radiation per unit area incident on a surface, generally measured in watts/m². It is a key parameter in areas like solar energy, climate science, and photobiology, showing the intensity of sunlight reaching a given area. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
| W/m2 | W/m2 is a standard unit used to measure the magnitude of power or power received or emitted over a particular surface, often in fields like meteorology, astronomy, and engineering. It aids in understanding the dispersion and movement of power across regions, such as solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W/m2 |
| Spectrum | Spectrum refers to the extent of various hues or wavebands of electromagnetic radiation, visible or otherwise. It is frequently used to depict the dispersion of light or signal frequencies in various scientific and technological contexts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum |
| Airmass | An airmass is a big mass of air with comparatively even temp and dampness properties, deriving from from certain source areas. These air masses affect weather patterns and atmospheric conditions as they move across different zones. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmass |
| Solar irradiance | Solar irradiance is the assessment of the intensity per square kilometer received from the Sun in the manner of light. It changes with solar phenomena and Earth's atmospheric conditions, affecting weather patterns and meteorological phenomena. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
| Soiling (solar energy) | Soiling in photovoltaic systems refers to the collection of debris, and foreign matter on the panels of photovoltaic modules, which reduces their performance. Regular cleaning and servicing are important to reduce energy decrease and ensure optimal efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy) |
| Open-circuit voltage | Open-circuit voltage refers to the maximum voltage available from a power source when current flow is absent, measured across its terminals. It indicates the potential difference of a device when it is unplugged from any load. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage |
| Short-circuit current | Short-circuit current refers to the maximum electrical current that flows through a circuit when a short connection, or short circuit, happens, skipping the normal load. It poses a major safety hazard and can cause damage to electrical components if not properly controlled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_current |
| Watt-peak | Watt-peak (Wp) is a assessment of the maximum power generation of a solar panel under perfect sunlight conditions. It indicates the panel's peak potential to create electricity in conventional testing conditions . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak |
| Voltmeter | A electrical potential meter is an electrical instrument used to measure the voltage between two points in a electronic circuit. It is widely employed in numerous electrical and electronic setups to maintain proper electrical potential | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter |
| Potential-induced degradation | Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a issue in solar modules where elevated voltage stress causes a substantial reduction in power output and performance. It occurs due to leakage currents and ion transfer within the solar cell components, leading to performance deterioration over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation |
| Boron | Boron serves as a semi metallic chemical element necessary for plant development and employed in different industrial applications, including glassmaking and chip manufacturing. It possesses special chemical traits that cause it valuable in producing long-lasting, heat-resistant materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron |
| Photovoltaic mounting system | A solar panel mounting system securely supports solar panels, ensuring ideal tilt and alignment for maximum sunlight exposure. It is designed to withstand weather conditions while providing a stable and long-lasting foundation for solar energy installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system |
| Solar power plant | A solar power plant captures sunlight using large arrays of photovoltaic modules to create renewable electricity. It offers an eco-friendly energy source, cutting down reliance on fossil fuels and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plant |
| Agrivoltaics | Agrivoltaics is the combined practice of utilizing land for both solar energy generation and farming, optimizing space and resources. This method improves crop production while concurrently creating renewable energy, encouraging sustainable land use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrivoltaics |
| Bifacial solar cells | Bifacial solar panels are photovoltaic devices able to absorb sunlight from both their front and rear surfaces, enhancing overall energy output. They are commonly positioned in a way that allows for increased efficiency by leveraging albedo mirroring and reflected sunlight from the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells |
| Solar canopy | A solar-powered canopy is a installation that provides shelter while creating electricity through built-in solar panels. It is commonly installed in parking lots, walkways, or open spaces to blend environmental benefits with practical design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_canopy |
| Solar array | A solar array is a group of multiple photovoltaic modules configured to generate electricity from sunlight. It is frequently used in sustainable power systems to generate clean, sustainable power for different applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_array |
| Patio cover | A patio cover is a structure that provides shade and shelter from the elements for al fresco areas. It boosts the functionality and visual charm of a courtyard, making it a cozy zone for leisure and gatherings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_cover |
| Zenith angle | The zenith angle is the angle between the perpendicular line directly overhead and the line of sight to a heavenly body. It is employed in astronomy and meteorology to describe the position of objects in the heavens relative to an observer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_angle |
| Azimuth angle | The horizontal bearing is a azimuth measured clockwise from a reference direction, typically true north, to the line between an observer to a destination. It is commonly used in navigation, surveying, and astrophysics to indicate the bearing of an celestial body with respect to the viewer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_angle |
| Occupational hazards of solar panel installation | Installing solar panels exposes workers to risks such as falls from heights and electrical shocks, requiring proper safety measures. Additionally, exposure to harsh weather conditions and potential musculoskeletal injuries pose significant Occupational hazards of solar panel installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_solar_panel_installation |
| Cadmium telluride | CdTe is a semiconductor substance widely used in thin-film solar panels due to its excellent performance and cost efficiency. It demonstrates outstanding optical features, making it a popular choice for photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride |
| List of photovoltaics companies | A catalog of photovoltaics companies features the major manufacturers and suppliers expert in solar panel technology and renewable energy solutions across the globe. These companies are essential in promoting solar energy integration and advancement across different markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies |
| Gigawatt | A gigawatt is a unit of electricity equal to a billion W, used to measure massive energy generation and consumption. It is generally associated with power plants, national grids, and significant power projects worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt |
| First Solar | First Solar Inc is a worldwide leader in solar PV energy solutions, focused on producing thin film solar panels that provide excellent efficiency and economical energy production. The firm is focused on green energy development and reducing the world dependency on fossil fuels through innovative solar solar innovations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar |
| GCL System Integration Technology | GCL System Integration Technology expertise in seamlessly connecting various parts of industrial and automation systems to improve performance and reliability. It concentrates on creating advanced solutions that promote efficient communication and interoperability among various tech platforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_System_Integration_Technology |
| Shunfeng Photovoltaic | Shunfeng Photovoltaic is an leading Chinese corporation specializing in the manufacturing and development of photovoltaic photovoltaic goods and services. It is known for cutting-edge technology and sustainable energy initiatives in the renewable energy sector. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunfeng_Photovoltaic |
| GigaWatt | GigaWatt is a measurement of energy equal to one billion watts, often used to represent the potential of massive electricity generation or consumption. It highlights the huge energy magnitude involved in contemporary energy infrastructure and technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaWatt |
| Experience curve effects | Learning curve effects refer to the concept where the production cost reduces as total output rises, due to learning curve and optimization obtained over time. This concept highlights the importance of accumulated experience in lowering costs and improving productivity in production and other operations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects |
| Photovoltaics | Solar energy convert sunlight immediately into electricity using semiconductor substances, primarily silicon. This technology is a clean, renewable energy source that assists reduce reliance on fossil fuels and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
| Grid parity | Grid parity occurs when the price of producing solar or wind energy is equal to or lower than the cost of purchasing power from the power grid. Achieving grid parity signifies that sustainable energy sources are financially comparable with traditional fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_parity |
| Mains electricity | Mains electricity serves as the main electrical power supplied to homes and businesses through a grid of power lines, offering a reliable source of energy for numerous appliances. It generally operates at a voltage of around 120V or 230V, depending on the nation, and is supplied through alternating current (AC). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity |
| Balance of system | Balance of system (BOS) includes all parts of a solar power system excluding the photovoltaic panels, comprising inverters, racking, wiring, and other electrical hardware. It is vital for guaranteeing the efficient and dependable operation of a solar energy installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_system |
| Solar energy | The sun's power is captured from the solar radiation using PV panels to convert electricity or through solar thermal systems to provide warmth. It is a renewable, sustainable, and eco-conscious source of power that decreases dependence on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |
| Applications of photovoltaics | Photovoltaics are in home, corporate, and industrial settings to produce renewable, sustainable electricity from sunlight. They also supply remote and off-grid locations, providing green energy solutions where traditional power grids are not accessible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_photovoltaics |
| List of solar-powered products | A collection of sun-powered products features a variety of devices that capture sunlight to produce energy, encouraging eco-friendly and sustainable living. These solutions include covering solar chargers and lights to home equipment and outdoor equipment, delivering multi-purpose solutions for energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products |
| Photovoltaic power station | A solar energy facility is a installation that generates sunlight immediately into electricity using solar panels. It is a sustainable energy source that helps reduce reliance on non-renewable energy and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station |
| Solar hybrid power systems | Solar hybrid power systems merge solar panels with additional energy sources, such as wind or diesel generators, to ensure a reliable and efficient power supply. They enhance energy use by managing renewable resources and backup options, cutting reliance on fossil fuels and cutting overall emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hybrid_power_systems |
| Concentrated photovoltaics | CPV employ lenses plus reflectors focusing sunlight onto high-performance photovoltaic cells, greatly boosting energy capture from a smaller area. This method is highly suitable where intense, direct sunlight plus, it offers a promising approach to reducing solar power costs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_photovoltaics |
