| Solar panel | Solar array serve as components that convert sunlight into electricity using solar cells. They serve as an green and sustainable energy source, decreasing reliance on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel |
| Solar thermal collector | A solar thermal collector is a device that absorbs sunlight to generate heat, usually used for water heating or room heating applications. It successfully converts solar energy into thermal energy, reducing reliance on traditional energy sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector |
| Solar thermal energy | Sun-powered thermal energy harnesses sunlight to generate heat, which can be used for hot water production, space heating, or power generation. It is a green and sustainable technology that reduces dependence on fossil fuels and lowers carbon emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy |
| Worthing | Worthing is a beautiful seaside town in the county of West Sussex, England, known for its historic pier and vibrant promenade. It offers a enchanting blend of golden sands, cultural attractions, and outdoor activities perfect for visitors and residents alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing |
| England | The country of England is a historic and historic-influenced nation in the UK known for its rich cultural legacy, iconic landmarks, and vibrant cities like the capital. It boasts a varied terrain of gentle slopes, ancient castles, and lively city hubs that combine tradition with modern developments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England |
| Sunlight | Solar light is the natural light emitted by the star, crucial for living organisms on Earth as it offers energy for photosynthesis and influences climate and weather patterns. It also contributes to our well-being by controlling our circadian rhythms and boosting vitamin D production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight |
| Electricity | Electromagnetic energy is a type of energy resulting from the movement of charged particles, primarily negatively charged particles. It drives numerous systems and systems, supporting modern life and technological advancements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
| Photovoltaic | Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight directly into power using photovoltaic panels composed of semi-conductor materials. It is a sustainable power source that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and helps mitigate environmental impact. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic |
| Electrons | Electrons are tiny particles with a reversed electric charge that orbit the nucleus of an atom, crucial in in chemical reactions and electricity. Their behavior and interactions affect the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons |
| Direct current | Direct current is the unidirectional flow of electric charge, typically produced by cell packs, power sources, and photovoltaic cells. It provides a constant voltage or current, making it crucial for electronic devices and low-voltage applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current |
| Battery (electricity) | A battery is a unit that accumulates chemical energy and converts it into electric power to operate various electronic gadgets. It consists of several electrochemical units, each housing electrode pairs divided by an electrolyte. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) |
| Photovoltaic system | An photovoltaic system converts solar radiation immediately into power using photovoltaic panels composed of solar cells. It is an eco-friendly power solution that minimizes reliance on fossil fuels and promotes renewable energy production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system |
| Solar inverter | A solar power converter is a unit that changes direct current (DC) created by solar panels into AC appropriate for household use and utility connection. It plays a crucial role in optimizing energy use and providing safe, reliable power output from solar energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter |
| Alternating current | AC is an electric current that reverses direction cyclically, usually used in residential and business power supplies. It permits efficient transmission of electricity over long distances and is marked by its voltage and current waveforms, usually sinusoidal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
| Charge controller | A charge regulator is a device that regulates the voltage level and current coming from a solar panel to prevent batteries from excess charging and harm. It ensures efficient energy transfer and prolongs the lifespan of the battery array. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller |
| Measuring instrument | A measuring instrument is a device used to measure the size, amount, or intensity of something accurately. It includes instruments like rulers, climate gauges, and manometers that provide accurate readings for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument |
| Solar tracker | An solar tracker is a device that automatically adjusts its orientation of solar panels to monitor the sun's movement across the day, maximizing energy absorption. This system boosts the efficiency of solar power systems by keeping optimal sun exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker |
| Solar farms | Photovoltaic installations are huge facilities that harness sunlight to generate electricity using a multitude of solar panels. They provide a green and sustainable energy resource, decreasing reliance on fossil fuels and decreasing pollution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_farms |
| Rooftop solar power | Roof-mounted solar energy involves placing photovoltaic solar panels on building roofs to produce electricity from sunlight. This sustainable energy source helps reduce reliance on fossil fuels and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power |
| Grid-connected photovoltaic system | An grid-integrated solar energy setup transforms sunlight into electricity and feeds excess power directly into the utility grid, providing a eco-friendly energy solution. It improves energy efficiency and cuts down reliance on fossil fuels while enabling users to gain potential energy credits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_system |
| Greenhouse gas emissions | Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases such as carbon dioxide, CH4, and N2O into the atmosphere, primarily from human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to global warming and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions |
| Solar power satellite | A space-based solar power system is an artificial satellite equipped with photovoltaic panels that absorb sunlight and convert it into electricity. This energy is then transmitted wirelessly to Earth for application as an eco-friendly power supply. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite |
| Home energy storage | Home energy storage systems store excess energy generated from renewable sources or the grid for subsequent consumption, improving energy independence and effectiveness. These solutions commonly employ batteries to offer backup energy, lower energy costs, and aid grid reliability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage |
| Timeline of solar cells | The history of solar cells chronicles the advancement and advancements in solar power tech from the beginning invention of the photovoltaic effect to current high-performance solar panels. It highlights major milestones, including the creation of the original silicon solar cell in 1954 and persistent developments that have greatly improved energy transformation and cost efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells |
| Edmond Becquerel | Becquerel was a Gallic physicist by profession renowned for his groundbreaking work in the study of the solar effect and luminescent phenomena. His experiments laid the basis for comprehending how light interacts with specific media to generate electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel |
| Willoughby Smith | Willoughby Smith was a British electrical engineer and researcher known for finding out the photoconductivity of Se in 1873. His work formed the basis for the creation of the photo-sensitive device and progress in early photographic and electronic technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith |
| Selenium | The Selenium framework is an free framework used for automating web browsers, enabling testers to simulate user interactions and verify web application functionalities. It supports various programming languages and web browsers, making it a flexible tool for automated. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium |
| William Grylls Adams | William Grylls Adams was a British scientist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of luminescence and optical science, particularly the discovery of the polarization effect of light reflected from transparent materials. His research significantly contributed to the understanding of electromagnetic wave behavior and the development of optical science. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams |
| Charles Fritts | Charles Fritts was an American inventor who invented the earliest working selenium solar cell in 1883. His innovative work laid the foundation for the contemporary photovoltaic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fritts |
| Coal-fired power plant | An coal-powered power plant generates electricity by burning coal to produce vapor that rotates turbines connected to generators. This process releases large amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant |
| Russell Ohl | Russell Ohl was an United States scientist credited with discovering the solar cell and enhancing the understanding of semiconductors. His work paved the way for modern photovoltaic technology and the manufacture of silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl |
| Bell Labs | Bell Labs is a prestigious innovative entity traditionally associated with AT&T, known for groundbreaking innovations in communications, computing, and materials science. It has been the birthplace of numerous groundbreaking inventions, including the semiconductor device and the laser technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Silicon | Silicon is a chemical with the symbol Si and atomic number 14, widely known for its crucial role in the production of electronic components and solar modules. It is a solid, breakable crystal substance with a bluish-gray shine, primarily used as a semiconductor in the tech industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon |
| Micro-inverter | A compact inverter is a little unit installed on each solar panel to transform direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) on-site. This technology improves system performance, enables enhanced performance monitoring, and improves energy yield in photovoltaic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-inverter |
| Solar cell | A solar cell is a device that transforms sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. It is commonly used in solar panels to offer a sustainable and sustainable energy source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
| PV system | A PV (photovoltaic) system converts sunlight immediately into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is a green energy technology that provides eco-friendly power for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV_system |
| Photon | A photon acts as a basic particle representing a quantum of light plus other electromagnetic radiation, transporting energy and momentum without possessing rest mass. It serves a key role in the relations between matter and electromagnetic fields, enabling phenomena like reflection, refraction, and quantum communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
| Photovoltaic effect | The PV effect is the mechanism by which certain materials convert sunlight directly into electricity through the generation of charge carriers. This effect is the fundamental foundation behind solar cell technology, enabling the utilization of solar sunlight for energy creation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
| Wafer (electronics) | An wafer in electrical engineering is a thin slice of semiconductor material, usually silicon, used as the foundation for fabricating integrated circuits. It functions as the foundational platform where microprocessors are built through methods like doping, etching, and layering. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics) |
| Crystalline silicon | Crystalline silicon is a highly pure form of silicon used mainly in the manufacturing of photovoltaic cells and electronic components due to its superb semiconductor properties. Its regular, neat crystal lattice enables effective electrical conductivity and energy conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon |
| Thin film solar cell | Thin-film photovoltaic devices are a type of photovoltaic technology characterized by their light, bendable structure, and ability to be fabricated over extensive surfaces at a reduced expense. They use layers of semiconductor materials just several micrometers in thickness to convert sunlight into electricity efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell |
| Dead and live loads | Dead loads refer to the permanent forces exerted by the mass of structural elements and permanent equipment, while live loads are temporary forces such as users, furnishings, and environmental factors. Both are critical considerations in structural design to ensure safety and stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_and_live_loads |
| Series and parallel circuits | Series circuits link components in a line, so the same current passes through all devices, while parallel circuits join components across the same voltage source, allowing various paths for current. These configurations influence the circuit's overall resistance, current distribution, and voltage drops. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
| Electric power | Electrical energy refers to the velocity at which electrical energy is conveyed by an electrical circuit, primarily for running devices and appliances. Produced through diverse origins such as fossil fuels, nuclear power, and sustainable sources, and crucial for today's lifestyle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
| Watt | A unit of power is a standard of power in the metric system, showing the measure of energy flow or conversion. It is the same as one unit of energy per second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt |
| Voltage | Voltage is the electric potential difference between two points, which pushes the stream of electronic current in a circuit. It is measured in volts and indicates the energy per single charge available to move electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
| Volt | A electromotive force is the derived unit of electric potential, potential difference, and EMF in the metric system. It measures the electric energy per unit charge between two points in an electrical network. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt |
| Electric current | Electrical current is the movement of electric charge through a metal wire, typically measured in amperes. It is crucial for powering electronic devices and facilitating the operation of electronic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
| Ampere | Amp serves as the measure of electrical flow in the International System of Units, represented by A. It indicates the flow of electric charge through a conductor over a duration. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere |
| Electrical load | Electrical load is the term for the amount of electrical power or current demanded by devices and Electrical load in a circuit. It influences the configuration and capacity of power systems to ensure safe and optimized energy distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load |
| Junction box | A electrical box is an electrical housing used to safely house wire connections, providing a core for wiring in electrical systems. It ensures structured and reliable connections, preventing electrical hazards and facilitating maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box |
| MC4 connector | The MC4 is a uniform photovoltaic connector used to attach solar panels in a safe and trustworthy manner. It features a clip-in design with waterproof sealing, guaranteeing durability and optimal electrical connection in outdoor solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4_connector |
| USB power | USB power provides a convenient and standardized method of providing electrical energy to devices through universal ports. It is frequently used for powering and supplying a extensive range of electronic gadgets, from smartphones to peripherals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_power |
| Power inverter | A energy inverter is a instrument that converts DC from inputs like batteries or solar panels into alternating current (AC) suitable for household appliances. It permits the operation of standard electrical devices in environments where only direct current electricity is accessible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter |
| Battery pack | A battery pack functions as a collection of multiple individual batteries created to store and supply electrical energy for various devices. This provides portable power solutions for electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack |
| Solar tracking | Solar tracking systems automatically regulate the orientation of solar modules to monitor the sun movement throughout the day, enhancing power intake. This system improves the performance of solar energy collection by ensuring optimal panel orientation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracking |
| Maximum power point tracking | Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a technique used to optimize the energy production of solar energy systems by constantly tuning the working point to match the peak power point of the solar panels. This methodology guarantees the most efficient power harvesting, especially under changing weather. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking |
| Power optimizer | A power optimizer functions as a device used in solar energy systems to optimize energy output by separately optimizing the performance of each solar panel. It increases overall system efficiency by cutting down on energy loss caused by shading, dirt, or panel mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_optimizer |
| Solar performance monitor | A photovoltaic performance monitor is a instrument that observes and analyzes the performance of solar panel systems in live, offering useful data on energy generation and system condition. It aids maximize solar power generation by spotting problems promptly and ensuring highest efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_performance_monitor |
| Thin-film solar cell | Flexible solar cells are thin, adaptable photovoltaic devices made by depositing slim layers of semiconductor materials onto substrates. They offer a affordable and versatile alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with applications in different portable and building-integrated energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell |
| Solar cells | Sunlight-to-electricity converters convert sunlight directly into electricity through the photoelectric effect, making them a renewable energy source. They are commonly used in solar arrays to power homes, devices, and full solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells |
| Polycrystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon, is a compound composed of countless small silicon lattice structures, commonly used in solar panels and semiconductor manufacturing. Its production involves liquefying and reforming silicon to form a pure, polycrystalline form appropriate for electronic devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon |
| Monocrystalline silicon | Monocrystalline silicon is a high-purity type of silicon with a uniform lattice framework, making it very effective for use in photovoltaic modules and electronics. Its uniform framework allows for improved electron transfer, resulting in superior functionality compared to alternative silicon forms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon |
| Cadmium telluride photovoltaics | CdTe photovoltaics are a type of thin-film solar system that presents a affordable and effective alternative for massive solar energy harvesting. They are recognized for their great absorption efficiency and moderately reduced manufacturing fees versus traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell | Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) solar cells are flexible solar devices that utilize a multi-layered material of copper, In, gallium, and selenium to turn sunlight into electricity effectively. They are known for their excellent light capturing effectiveness, bendability, and possibility for compact, affordable solar energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell |
| Amorphous silicon | Amorphous form of silicon is a disordered atomic arrangement, making it more adaptable and more straightforward to layer than ordered silicon. It is frequently used in thin-film solar cells and electronic devices due to its affordability and adaptable characteristics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon |
| Third-generation photovoltaic cell | Third-generation photovoltaic panels aim to exceed traditional solar cell efficiencies by utilizing cutting-edge materials and pioneering techniques such as multi-junction stacks, quantum dots, and organic-inorganic hybrids. These technologies focus on optimizing energy conversion, reducing costs, and increasing applicability to various environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell |
| Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-structured solar panels are cutting-edge photovoltaic devices that utilize various p-n connections layered in tandem to capture a wider range of the solar spectrum, significantly boosting their efficiency. They are mostly applied in space applications and advanced solar power installations due to their outstanding energy conversion capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell |
| Solar panels on spacecraft | Spacecraft solar arrays are essential devices that transform solar radiation into electrical energy to power onboard equipment. Usually lightweight, robust, and designed to operate efficiently in the demanding space environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft |
| Compound semiconductor | Compound semiconductors are materials composed of multiple elements, typically involving a metal and a non-metal, used in fast electronic and optoelectronic devices. They offer enhanced performance in applications such as lasers, LEDs, and high-frequency switching devices compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductor |
| Gallium arsenide | GaAs is a compound semiconductor known for its high electron mobility and effectiveness in high-speed and optoelectronic applications. It is commonly used in devices such as microwave circuits, infrared LEDs, and solar cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide |
| Concentrator photovoltaics | Concentrator photovoltaics employ focusing elements or reflectors to concentrate sunlight onto superior efficiency multi-junction solar cells, substantially improving energy conversion efficiency. This technology is suitable for large capacity solar power plants in zones with direct sunlight, providing a economical approach for high-demand energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics |
| Thin-film silicon | Lightweight silicon is a type of photovoltaic material used in solar cells, characterized by its slim and bendable form factor. It offers a affordable alternative to traditional silicon wafers, with applications in building-integrated photovoltaics and portable power sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_silicon |
| CIGS solar cell | CIGS solar cell utilize a thin film of CuInGaSe2 as the solar semiconductor, known for high efficiency and adaptability. They offer a easy-to-handle, budget-friendly alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels with reliable operation in different weather scenarios. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIGS_solar_cell |
| Thin-film | Thin-film is a term for a fine layer of material, often measured in nanometers or micrometers, used in diverse technological fields. These layers are crucial in electronic systems, light manipulation, and films for their particular physical and chemical features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film |
| Rooftop solar PV | Rooftop solar PV systems harness the sun's rays to generate electricity directly on rooftops of buildings, providing a eco-friendly and affordable energy solution. They help cut down dependence on fossil fuels, reduce electricity bills, and contribute to environmental conservation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_PV |
| Thin film | A thin film is a layer of compound ranging from a few nanometers to several micrometers in thickness, often placed on surfaces for functional applications. These layers are used in various industries, including electronics industry, optics, and medicine, to alter surface properties or create specific device functionalities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film |
| Nanometers | Nanometric units are units of measurement equal to one-billionth of a meter, frequently used to describe very tiny distances at the atomic and molecular scale. They are essential in disciplines including nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry for determining structures and particles at the nanoscale. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometers |
| Micrometers | Micrometers are precision measuring instruments used to exactly measure minute thicknesses or thicknesses, typically in machining and fabrication. They feature a calibrated screw device that allows for accurate readings, often down to thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometers |
| Silicon wafer | A silicon substrate is a fine, round slice of silicon crystal used as the foundation for constructing semiconductor devices. It functions as the basic material in the fabrication of integrated circuits and electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_wafer |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells | CIGS photovoltaic cells are compact photovoltaic devices recognized for their high efficiency and bendability, ideal for various uses. They employ a layered semiconductor structure that transforms sunlight straight into power with outstanding performance in low-light environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells |
| Multi-crystalline silicon | Multi-crystalline silicon is a form of silicon used in photovoltaic panels, characterized by its multiple crystal grains that give it a mottled appearance. It is noted for being economical and having a relatively high efficiency in turning sunlight into energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-crystalline_silicon |
| Solar PV systems | Photovoltaic systems convert sunlight directly into energy using PV cells, supplying a green energy source for home, business, and large-scale applications. They provide a eco-friendly, sustainable, and affordable way to decrease reliance on non-renewable energy sources and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_PV_systems |
| Perovskite solar cell | Perovskite solar cells are a type of photovoltaic technology that uses perovskite-structured compounds as the light-harvesting layer, known for their high efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. These cells have rapidly advanced in performance, making them a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell |
| Dye-sensitized solar cell | A dye-activated solar cell (DSSC) is a light-to-electricity device that converts sunlight into electricity using a light-reactive dye to absorb light and create electron flow. It offers a cost-effective and versatile alternative to traditional silicon-based solar cells, with potential for see-through and lightweight applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell |
| Quantum dot solar cell | Quantum dot photovoltaic cells utilize nanoscale semiconductor particles to enhance light absorption and energy conversion through quantum confinement effects. This approach offers the possibility for cost-effective, bendable, and superior solar energy harvesting solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell |
| Organic solar cell | Organic solar cells are solar cells that employ organic materials, to convert sunlight into electrical power. They are easy to handle, flexible, and provide cost-effective, broad solar power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell |
| CZTS | CZTS (Copper is a promising photovoltaic compound used in thin-film solar cells due to its plentiful and harmless elements. Its superior optical-electronic properties make it an appealing option for green photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZTS |
| Building integrated photovoltaics | Building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) seamlessly incorporate photovoltaic technology into the design of building materials, such as roof surfaces, facades, and fenestration. This cutting-edge approach enhances power savings while maintaining aesthetic appeal and structural performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics |
| Transparency and translucency | Transparency allows light to penetrate a material with little distortion, allowing objects behind to be seen clearly. Translucency permits light to scatter through, making detailed visibility obscured but yet still permitting shapes and light to pass through. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency |
| Window tinting | Window film installation involves the process of applying a transparent film to the interior or exterior of vehicle or building glazing to block glare, heat, and ultraviolet rays. It improves privacy, improves energy efficiency, and adds a sleek aesthetic to any window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tinting |
| List of photovoltaic power stations | A catalog of photovoltaic power stations overview various large-scale solar energy plants around the world, demonstrating their capacities and positions. These plants function a crucial role in green energy production and international efforts to reduce carbon emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Photovoltaic power stations | Photovoltaic energy plants are large-scale systems that transform sunlight straight into electricity using photovoltaic panels. They are essential in sustainable power creation, lessening dependence on coal and oil, and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Environmental issues | Environmental challenges encompass a wide range of problems such as pollution, global warming, and forest loss that threaten the health of our planet. Addressing these problems requires collective efforts to promote sustainable practices and protect natural ecosystems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues |
| Renewable energy | Sustainable power comes from natural sources that are constantly replenished, such as sunlight, air currents, and hydroelectric power. It offers a renewable solution to non-renewable energy sources, reducing environmental impact and supporting sustainable energy security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy |
| Non-renewable energy | Fossil fuels, such as bituminous coal, oil, and natural gas, are limited reserves formed over geological eras and are consumed when used. They are the chief power sources for power production and mobility but pose ecological and environmental and renewability challenges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_energy |
| Electricity generation | Electrical energy creation involves converting various energy types such as fossil fuels, nuclear energy, and renewable resources into electrical power. This process generally happens in power plants where rotating machinery and generators work together to produce power for power distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation |
| Heavy metals | Heavy metals are compact, poisonous elements such as lead, quicksilver, Cd, and arsenide that pose significant health and environmental risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. They are commonly found in industrial emissions, contaminated water, and certain consumer products, requiring careful management to prevent adverse effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals |
| Solar-cell efficiency | Solar-cell efficiency measures how effectively a solar cell transforms sunlight into usable electricity. Enhancing this efficiency is essential for optimizing renewable energy production and cutting reliance on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency |
| Photoelectric effect | The photoelectric phenomenon occurs when radiation shining on a metallic surface ejects electrons from that surface, demonstrating the particle properties of light. This phenomenon provided critical proof for the development of quantum physics by showing that light energy is discrete. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect |
| Accelerated life testing | Enhanced life testing involves exposing products to increased stresses to quickly evaluate their durability and estimate their lifespan under normal conditions. This method helps detect potential failures and boost product reliability efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing |
| Growth of photovoltaics | The increase of photovoltaics has quickened rapidly over the past decade, driven by technological advancements and cost reductions. This development is transforming the international energy scene by increasing the share of renewable solar power in electricity generation processes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics |
| Utility-scale solar | Utility-scale solar refers to large solar power installations built to generate electricity on a commercial scale, delivering power directly to the grid. These sites typically cover vast areas and utilize PV modules or thermal solar systems to produce renewable energy cost-effectively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility-scale_solar |
| Lens (optics) | A optic is a see-through instrument that refracts light to focus or separate rays, forming images. It is commonly used in equipment like camera units, glasses, and microscopes to adjust light for enhanced vision and imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) |
| Angle of incidence (optics) | The incidence angle is the angle between an incoming light ray and the normal line orthogonal to the surface at the contact point. It controls how light behaves with the surface, influencing reflection and refraction properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics) |
| Anti-reflective coating | Anti-reflective coating is a coating applied to vision surfaces to minimize reflections and improve light transmission. It improves the sharpness and illumination of lenses by minimizing unwanted reflections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating |
| Destructive interference | Canceling interference occurs when a couple of waves meet in such a way that their wave heights cancel each other out, leading to a reduction or complete elimination of the resultant wave. This occurrence typically happens when the waves are not in phase by pi radians. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_interference |
| Alternating Current | Alternating current refers to a type of electrical flow that periodically reverses, mainly utilized in electrical distribution networks. The electrical potential changes in a sinusoidal pattern throughout its cycle, enabling effective conveyance over large spans. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current |
| Microinverter | A individual inverter is a small entity used to convert direct current (DC) from a individual solar module into AC suitable for home applications. It enhances system efficiency by maximizing energy production at the panel level and streamlines setup and service. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinverter |
| AC power | AC electrical energy, or AC electrical energy, is electrical power delivered through a setup where the voltage and electric flow periodically reverse orientation, enabling cost-effective transmission over vast spans. It is generally used in households and commercial sectors to operate various appliances and machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power |
| DC connector | A DC connector is a kind of electrical coupling used to provide direct current (DC) power from a power source to an device. It typically consists of a round plug and jack that provide a secure and consistent link for various electronic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector |
| Underwriters Laboratories | Underwriters Laboratories is a worldwide security approval organization that evaluates and certifies products to guarantee they adhere to certain safety requirements. It supports consumers and firms identify trustworthy and protected products through rigorous assessment and examination methods. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories |
| Series circuits | Series circuits are electrical networks in which parts are connected end-to-end, forming a single path for current. In this configuration, the identical current passes through all components, and the sum voltage is divided among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_circuits |
| Parallel circuits | Parallel circuits are electrical circuits where parts are connected across the same voltage source, providing multiple paths for current flow. This setup allows devices to operate autonomously, with the total current split among the branches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuits |
| Diode | An diode acts as a semiconductor device that permits current to pass in a single way only, functioning as a one-way valve for electrical current. It is commonly used for rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation in electronic networks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode |
| Automobile auxiliary power outlet | An vehicle auxiliary power outlet is a connection, typically 12V, intended to supply electrical energy for different devices and accessories within a vehicle. It enables users to recharge electronic electronics or run small electronics while on the go. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet |
| USB | USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a protocol for connecting peripheral peripherals to PCs, enabling information exchange and power supply. It backs a variety of hardware such as keypads, mouses, external drives, and cell phones, with different revisions offering higher speeds and upgraded functionality. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Solar cell efficiency | Solar cell efficiency refers to the ratio of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell converts into usable energy. Boosting this efficiency is essential to optimizing energy output and making solar power economical and sustainable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency |
| National Renewable Energy Laboratory | The NREL is a U.S. DOE federal research facility dedicated to R&D in green energy and energy conservation technologies. It aims to advance innovations in solar, wind power, bioenergy, and other sustainable energy sources to promote a sustainable energy future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses the entire range of EM radiation, spanning from radio waves to high-energy photons, all possessing diverse wavelengths and power. This band is essential for a wide array of devices and natural phenomena, allowing signal transmission, healthcare imaging, and comprehension of the outer space. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum |
| Ultraviolet | Ultraviolet light is a form of EM radiation with a wavelength shorter than visible light but longer than X-rays, primarily emitted by the solar radiation. It has a key role in such as vitamin D production but can also lead to skin injury and skin aging caused by light. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet |
| Infrared | Infrared radiation is a category of electromagnetic wave with longer wavelengths than visible light, primarily emitted as heat by objects. It is widely used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and various sensing technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared |
| Monochromatic | Single-hued refers to a color design based on variations of a individual hue, using various shades, tints, and tones to create balance and connexion. This layout approach emphasizes simplicity and elegance by maintaining uniform color elements throughout a composition. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic |
| Irradiance | Radiance refers to the intensity of electromagnetic radiation per unit area incident on a surface, usually measured in watts per square meter. It is a crucial parameter in areas like solar energy, climate science, and photobiology, showing the intensity of sunlight hitting a specific surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
| W/m2 | W/m2 is a standard unit used to quantify the intensity of power or energy flow received or emitted over a specific surface, frequently in fields like meteorology, astronomy, and engineering. It aids in comprehending the dispersion and transfer of power across surfaces, such as solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W/m2 |
| Spectrum | Spectrum refers to the extent of various hues or wavebands of electromagnetic radiation, visible or otherwise. It is often used to describe the dispersion of light or signal bandwidths in different scientific and technological fields. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum |
| Airmass | An airmass is a large volume of atmosphere with relatively even thermal and dampness properties, deriving from from certain origin regions. These airmass affect weather patterns and atmospheric conditions as they pass through different regions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmass |
| Solar irradiance | Solar power is the assessment of the energy per square kilometer received from the solar source in the manner of electromagnetic radiation. It fluctuates with solar cycles and Earth's atmospheric conditions, impacting global climate and meteorological phenomena. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
| Soiling (solar energy) | Contamination in photovoltaic systems refers to the buildup of dust, and foreign matter on the exterior of photovoltaic modules, which diminishes their output. Consistent upkeep and care are essential to minimize energy decrease and guarantee optimal performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy) |
| Open-circuit voltage | Open-circuit voltage refers to the maximum voltage obtainable from a power source when no current is flowing, taken across its terminals. It indicates the potential difference of a device when it is unplugged from any load. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage |
| Short-circuit current | Short-circuit current represents the highest electrical current that flows through a circuit when a reduced resistance connection, or short circuit, happens, skipping the normal load. It poses a major safety hazard and can lead to damage to electrical components if not properly controlled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_current |
| Watt-peak | Watt-peak (Wp) is a assessment of the maximum power capacity of a solar module under perfect sunlight conditions. It indicates the array's peak ability to produce electricity in standard testing setups . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak |
| Voltmeter | A electrical potential meter is an electrical instrument used to measure the potential difference between two points in a electrical system. It is widely employed in numerous electrical and electronic setups to maintain proper electrical potential | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter |
| Potential-induced degradation | Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a phenomenon in solar modules where increased voltage stress causes a significant reduction in power output and efficiency. It occurs due to current leakage and ion migration within the solar cell components, leading to degradation over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation |
| Boron | Boron is a metalloid chemical element necessary for plant development and used in various industrial applications, such as glassmaking and semiconductor manufacturing. It has distinctive chemical traits that render it useful in manufacturing durable, heatproof materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron |
| Photovoltaic mounting system | A solar panel mounting system securely supports solar panels, ensuring optimal tilt and orientation for best sunlight exposure. It is designed to withstand external conditions while providing a solid and long-lasting foundation for solar energy installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system |
| Solar power plant | A sun-powered power plant captures sunlight using vast collections of photovoltaic solar panels to generate renewable electricity. It offers an environmentally friendly energy source, diminishing reliance on fossil fuels and decreasing greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plant |
| Agrivoltaics | Agrivoltaics is the integrated method of utilizing land for both solar energy output and agriculture, making the most of space and resources. This strategy enhances crop production while at the same time generating renewable energy, promoting sustainable land use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrivoltaics |
| Bifacial solar cells | Bifacial photovoltaic cells are photovoltaic devices capable of capturing sunlight on both sides, boosting overall energy generation. They are typically mounted in a way that improves effectiveness by utilizing albedo effect and reflected rays from the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells |
| Solar canopy | A solar-powered canopy is a installation that provides cover while creating electricity through embedded solar panels. It is frequently installed in parking lots, walkways, or open spaces to blend environmental benefits with useful design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_canopy |
| Solar array | A solar array is a collection of multiple solar modules configured to produce electricity from sunlight. It is frequently used in sustainable power systems to deliver environmentally friendly, eco-friendly power for different applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_array |
| Patio cover | A patio shield is a structure that delivers shade and shelter from the weather for outdoor living spaces. It improves the functionality and aesthetic appeal of a terrace, making it a comfortable zone for rest and gatherings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_cover |
| Zenith angle | The angle measured from directly overhead is the angle between the vertical direction directly overhead and the line of sight to a heavenly body. It is applied in astronomy and meteorology to indicate the position of celestial entities in the sky relative to an onlooker. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_angle |
| Azimuth angle | The horizontal bearing is a azimuth measured clockwise from a reference heading, usually true north, to the line connecting an viewer to a target object. It is often used in wayfinding, surveying, and celestial observation to indicate the bearing of an object with respect to the observer's position. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_angle |
| Occupational hazards of solar panel installation | Setting up solar panels exposes workers to risks such as height falls and electrical shocks, requiring proper safety measures. Additionally, exposure to rough climate and potential muscle strains pose significant Occupational hazards of solar panel installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_solar_panel_installation |
| Cadmium telluride | CdTe is a semiconductor substance extensively utilized in thin-film solar panels due to its superior efficiency and affordability. It demonstrates superb optical properties, making it a preferred option for photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride |
| List of photovoltaics companies | An catalog of photovoltaics companies highlights the major manufacturers and suppliers specializing in solar panel technology and renewable energy solutions worldwide. These companies play a crucial role in advancing solar energy implementation and innovation across different markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies |
| Gigawatt | A GW is a measure of energy output equal to 1,000,000,000 W, used to quantify big electricity output and consumption. It is generally associated with power plants, electricity networks, and large-scale power projects worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt |
| First Solar | The company First Solar is a international leader in solar PV energy solutions, expert in manufacturing thin film-based solar cells that offer high efficiency and economical power generation. The company is committed to green renewable energy advancement and reducing the world dependency on fossil fuels through advanced solar technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar |
| GCL System Integration Technology | GCL System Integration Technology expertise in seamlessly integrating various components of factory and automated systems to boost performance and reliability. It focuses on creating innovative solutions that promote seamless communication and interoperability among diverse tech platforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_System_Integration_Technology |
| Shunfeng Photovoltaic | Shunfeng Photovoltaic is an leading China's company expert in producing and developing solar-powered photovoltaic products and solutions. Famous for cutting-edge technology and green energy projects in the renewable energy sector. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunfeng_Photovoltaic |
| GigaWatt | GigaWatt is a unit of energy equal to 1,000,000,000 watts, often utilized to indicate the potential of massive electricity generation or consumption. It emphasizes the immense energy scale involved in modern energy infrastructure and technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaWatt |
| Experience curve effects | Learning curve effects refer to the effect where the cost per unit of production decreases as cumulative output rises, due to learning and optimization gained over time. This effect highlights the importance of accumulated experience in reducing costs and enhancing efficiency in production and other processes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects |
| Photovoltaics | Photovoltaic systems turn sunlight directly into electricity through semiconductor substances, primarily silicon. This system is a environmentally friendly, green energy source that aids cut down reliance on fossil fuels and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
| Grid parity | Grid parity occurs when the expense of producing solar or wind energy becomes the same as or lower than the cost of buying power from the electric grid. Achieving grid parity means that renewable energy sources are cost-effectively viable with fossil fuel-based coal, oil, natural gas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_parity |
| Mains electricity | Mains electricity is the standard electrical power supplied to residences and businesses through a network of power lines, delivering a reliable source of energy for numerous appliances. It generally operates at a voltage of around 120V or 230V, based on the country, and is supplied through alternating current. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity |
| Balance of system | Balance of system (BOS) pertains to all components of a solar power system excluding the photovoltaic panels, such as inverters, racking, wiring, and supplementary electrical hardware. It is essential for securing the optimum and consistent operation of a solar energy installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_system |
| Solar energy | Solar energy is captured from the sun's rays using photovoltaic panels to convert electricity or through solar heating systems to provide warmth. It represents a green, sustainable, and eco-conscious energy source that reduces reliance on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |
| Applications of photovoltaics | Photovoltaics are commonly employed in residential, commercial, and manufacturing sites to produce clean, sustainable electricity from sunlight. They also drive remote and off-grid locations, offering green energy solutions where traditional power grids are absent. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_photovoltaics |
| List of solar-powered products | A catalog of solar-powered products features a selection of tools that utilize sunlight to generate energy, encouraging green and eco-conscious living. These solutions include covering solar chargers and lights to household devices and outdoor equipment, delivering multi-purpose options for energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products |
| Photovoltaic power station | A photovoltaic power station is a installation that generates sunlight directly into electricity using photovoltaic panels. It is a sustainable energy source that helps reduce reliance on fossil fuels and limits greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station |
| Solar hybrid power systems | Solar hybrid power systems merge solar panels with additional energy sources, such as wind or diesel generators, to ensure a reliable and efficient power supply. They optimize energy use by managing renewable resources and backup options, decreasing reliance on fossil fuels and lowering overall emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hybrid_power_systems |
| Concentrated photovoltaics | Concentrated photovoltaics employ optical lenses or reflectors focusing solar radiation on advanced photovoltaic cells, considerably increasing energy capture from a compact footprint. This technology is particularly effective in areas with bright, direct sunlight plus, it offers an innovative way to lowering expenses related to solar energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_photovoltaics |
